Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Figure 2. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. WEAKNESSES. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Science Business. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". 36 likes 22,568 views. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). What is Ethiopia weakness? The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Because agriculture is the primary source for . For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Table 3. Nov. 13, 2009. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. The present study showed that the . Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Required fields are marked *. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion.
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