[230], Much of the modern history of Stephen's reign is based on accounts of chroniclers who lived in, or close to, the middle of the 12th century, forming a relatively rich account of the period. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. [201], Stephen was furious over what he saw as potentially precedent-setting papal interference in his royal authority, and initially refused to allow Murdac into England. In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. 165, 167; Stringer, pp. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. The marriage made Henry the future ruler of a huge swathe of territory across France. King (2010), p. 38; Crouch (2008a), p. 162. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. He also worked with space-time singularities. Bradbury, p. 183; King (2010), p. 277; Crouch (2002), p. 276. [101] Stephen responded to rumours of this plan by escorting Henry himself north, but this gesture proved the final straw for Ranulf. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. [50] On 15 December, Henry delivered an agreement under which Stephen would grant extensive freedoms and liberties to the church, in exchange for the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Papal Legate supporting his succession to the throne. Barlow, p. 168; Crouch (1998), p. 264; Carpenter, p. 168. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. [80] As part of this deal, Louis recognised Stephen's son Eustace as Duke of Normandy in exchange for Eustace giving fealty to the French King. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. 171172; Crouch (2008a), p. 29. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. [133], While Stephen and his army besieged Lincoln Castle at the start of 1141, Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf of Chester advanced on the King's position with a somewhat larger force. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [197], Stephen's relationship with the church deteriorated badly towards the end of his reign. Stephen was forced to place the castle under siege. Jim Bradbury provides an accessible summary of the argument as to the extent of "the Anarchy". Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France as the fourth son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. [27] Matilda claimed the title of Holy Roman Empress through her marriage to Emperor Henry V, but her husband died in 1125, and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy. [180] Stephen's overall income from his estates, however, declined seriously during the conflict, particularly after 1141, and royal control over the minting of new coins remained limited outside of the south-east and East Anglia. [82] Stephen formed an army to retake it, but the frictions between his Flemish mercenary forces led by William of Ypres and the local Norman barons resulted in a battle between the two halves of his army. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen,_King_of_England&oldid=1132051530, Matilda (died before 1141), married in infancy to, Bennett, Matthew. [32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. [134] When the news reached Stephen, he held a council to decide whether to give battle or to withdraw and gather additional soldiers: Stephen decided to fight, resulting in the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. [167] The King had disliked the Earl for several years, and provoked the conflict by summoning Geoffrey to court, where the King arrested him. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). Barlow, p. 111; Koziol, p. 17; Thompson, p. 3. 159160; Chibnall, pp. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions. He was extremely wealthy, well-mannered and liked by his peers; he was also considered a man capable of firm action. [222] Stephen's middle son, Baldwin, and second daughter, Matilda, had died before 1147 and were buried at Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate. [71] Stephen gave out grants of land and favours to those present and endowed numerous church foundations with land and privileges. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. [29] At the same time, tensions continued to grow as a result of Henry's domestic policies, in particular the high level of revenue he was raising to pay for his various wars. [36] Chroniclers recorded that despite his wealth and power he was a modest and easy-going leader, happy to sit with his men and servants, casually laughing and eating with them. His prestige and power increased further when he unexpectedly married the attractive Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, the recently divorced wife of Louis VII, in 1152. [118] Stephen promptly moved south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. [152] Stephen's long-standing commander William of Ypres remained with the Queen in London; William Martel, the royal steward, commanded operations from Sherborne in Dorset, and Faramus of Boulogne ran the royal household. [51] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath. Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. Both Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, and his older brother Theobald died in 1152. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [240] Stubbs' analysis, focusing on the disorder of the period, influenced his student John Round to coin the term "the Anarchy" to describe the period, a label that, whilst sometimes critiqued, continues to be used today. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [204][nb 23] At the end of 1148, Stephen and Theobald came to a temporary compromise that allowed Theobald to return to England. [156] Henry held another church council, which this time reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. [159] Louis VII recognised him as Duke of Normandy shortly after. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [213] As a result, instead of a battle ensuing, members of the church brokered a truce, to the annoyance of both Stephen and Henry. Weiler, Bjorn. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [36] He was very pious, both in terms of his observance of religious rituals and his personal generosity to the church. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [185] In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died peacefully, and the next year the Empress Matilda left south-west England for Normandy, both of which contributed to reducing the tempo of the war. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. 1038), Blood on Their Hands, and Sex on Their Minds. 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