MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: So consistent, so, you cannot do these by hand. And he has pushed me where he can obviously be quickly dispatched. JANICE LI: The hands work really reflected the processes of making terracotta warriors 2,000 years ago. The roof planks are thought to cover nearly a thousand warriors and scores of chariots. Each is pulled by four bronze horses, their harnesses embellished with gold and silver. Janice Li is heading into the orchards, where mass graves have been excavated, filled with the bodies of workers, including women and children, worn down by the relentless toil. This reveals that the triggers fall into distinctive groups, defined by their characteristic shapes. They were buried in three large pits. He could use his halberd to lift the point, so that it's done that, and that's pushed it onto my throat. NOVA tests the power of these weapons with high-action experiments and reports on revolutionary 3D computer modeling techniques that are providing new insights into how the clay figures were made, revealing in the process the secrets of one of archaeology's greatest discoveries. NARRATOR: It was, according to Sima Qian, a descent into complete tyranny, as 700,000 workers were forced to expand the tomb complex. A variety of pre-Qin sources show the Chinese invented the crossbow centuries before the first emperor. The festival of colours wouldn't be complete without the perfect dance playlist for your Holi party. Other people are more taken by the sheer scale of this site, its magnitude. Creating on such an epic scale must have been an extraordinary challenge. NARRATOR: Mike's demonstration bow replicates the mechanism of an authentic Qin bow, but only creates a quarter of the force. Well, it’s covered incidentally. So we're seeing an entire culture revealed to us. “Emperor’s Ghost Army” is a documentary more about engineering and its history. Warriors and weapons, chariots and horses, an entire world, buried for more than 2,000 years, now sees the light of day. Revealed in all its original glory, the Emperor's Ghost Army, right now, on NOVA. A portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer is used to explore the details of Qin metalworking. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: What we now call China is only called China because of the first emperor. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: When you only have bronze, you cannot make a better arrowhead than this. The results indicate that the ears vary in shape, with different sized earlobes. And that's really the first function of the halberd. The story of the terra-cotta army found in the mausoleum of the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, including how and why the clay warriors were made. NARRATOR: His story in Sima Qian also lists some of his crimes as massacring prisoners of war, burning books and slaughtering his critics. And why? But what if the animal gets past the point of the halberds, and I'm coming in with a lance? The site contains hundreds of subterranean tombs, filled, not only with the clay warriors, but also birds, horses, musicians and acrobats. Major funding for NOVA is provided by the David H. Koch Fund for Science, the NOVA Science Trust, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and PBS viewers. Originally, the legs were based upon molds used for drainpipes. NOVA Season 45 show reviews & Metacritic score: Seen in more than 100 countries, NOVA is the most watched science television series in the world and the most watched documentary series on … And what was their fate? But were they carrying sharpened war-grade weapons or merely symbolic representations? This other one, here, ends at an angle. Revealed in all its original glory, the Emperor's Ghost Army, right now, on NOVA. Emperor's Ghost Army. NOVA Season 1 show reviews & Metacritic score: Seen in more than 100 countries, NOVA is the most watched science television series in the world and the most watched documentary series on … JONATHAN CLEMENTS: They also found bronze. ANDREW BEVAN (University College London): And the implications are enormous for archaeology. Some were over six feet long. Now this stunning treasure reveals the first empire to rule ancient China. Emperor's Ghost Army. And you'll see it's got this crosspiece, this transverse bar, so if I had gone hurtling into a line of halberds, this would have skewered the poor horse here, but it would have stopped, so the halberdier himself doesn't get trampled. ANDREW BEVAN: This is a series of cells, working individually to create these metal weapons. If something was wrong with a particular weapon that didn't fit the standard, then one could identify worker Jing, in particular, and make him accountable for his error. YANG ZHIFA: I told my friend, “This is a temple.”. And armor is a composite defense of hard exterior with soft padding, and they've probably got felt coats under that. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: As they dug away the earth around it, they realized that they were looking at the body of a statue. In this particular case, I'm going to slice off the ear of the warrior, so it could be compared to some others. They found metal artifacts, so they start dragging cartfuls of broken terracotta out of this well. YANG ZHIFA (Farmer who discovered the Terracotta army): I used a pickaxe to dig the hole. It's really big ear lobes there. Conscripted laborers and slaves also assisted skilled artisans in making the 8,000 terracotta warriors. ANDREW BEVAN: Effectively, the sky's the limit. These are freshly made weapons, delivered directly to the terracotta army. Take a look ahead at all the major movie releases coming to theaters and streaming this season. Just a simple stock of wood easily mounts any bow, so the bow is already made. NARRATOR: Janice Li has also found crucial evidence about how the workers were organized, by decoding inscriptions chiseled into their weapons. Nova's examination or how thousands to terra cotta soldiers in Qin dynasty's terra cotta army were created digresses into reviews of Qin history and technology. But how and why did it evolve to become the most effective offensive weapon of the age? The problem that the Chinese have today is reconciling this idea that he was a cruel tyrant and that hundreds of thousands of people suffered and died under his regime,&. And with such attention to detail. The Ghost Army was a United States Army tactical deception unit during World War II officially known as the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: Yeah, that's the important thing. NARRATOR: More tin makes for a harder, sharper arrowhead, but less tin makes the tang more flexible and less likely to snap. XIUZHEN JANICE LI (Terracotta Army Museum): We found amazing archaeological objects. Lekker meegnieten zo. This is just one bundle of a hundred, a quiver's full, discovered here, in the middle of Pit 1. Killer Landslides. He was forced to work because he couldn't pay a crippling debt he owed the government. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: For example, this hanging knife, here, is curved at this corner. That is bad news. NARRATOR: None survive. The scientists hope to provide a definitive answer, by making 3D models to allow precise comparisons. It fits onto there and just with putting a crosspiece in there you could lash that into position. Some recently discovered Qin legal codes detail a harsh system, where even minor crimes had terrible consequences. It comes apart very easily, and it goes together very easily. The archaeological work has taken 40 years, and much still remains to be uncovered. The tomb mound is the center of a mausoleum unrivalled in history, built so the emperor's afterlife matched his luxurious life before death. So, this was an army of individual warriors, each strikingly real and unique, the product of the skill, dedication and technique of the craftsmen creating them. MIKE LOADES: You can learn to use this in less than two minutes. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: The state of Qin didn't just define things like theft and murder as crimes. Delivering that crucial thump to the target. It's been called the Eighth Wonder of the World: a vast army of almost 8,000 warriors, all over 2,000 years old, larger than life-sized and made from “terracotta,” or “baked clay,” a stunning array of infantry, cavalry and chariots. JONATHAN CLEMENTS (Historian): As they were digging down, they found what they first thought to be the rim of a pot. NARRATOR: But any crossbow is only as deadly as its arrows. Watch the full-length episode at http://video.pbs.org/video/2365365812/?Utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=pbsofficial&utm_campaign=nova_covefullprogram (US … NARRATOR: But who made this vast army? These cells came from the palace factories or local workshops. NOVA tests the power of these weapons with high-action experiments and reports on revolutionary archaeological techniques used to explore the site. JANICE LI: These parallel fine marks show this really massive effort for sharpening these functional lethal weapons. And it's going to be truly revolutionary. NARRATOR: The trigger locks tightly and can securely hold and smoothly release the power of the bow. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: All of the books in his kingdom were destroyed, possibly thousands of Chinese documents that we'll never get back, a terrible cataclysm for Chinese history and for Chinese historians. NARRATOR: Even today, the individual style of the craftsman clearly shows up in his work. Pit 2 has only been partially excavated and still looks as it did when first unearthed. That would suggest pretty powerful bows of about 200 pounds, which is more powerful than a hand-bow is going to be. NARRATOR: Limbs, boots, hands and heads were all cast from the local clay, which was pressed into molds and shaped for each body part. This is an alloy that we know would be extremely hard. These warriors seem to be very individual, in the same way as a typical human population. Also: the technology behind the statues' still-lethal crossbows, spears, and swords. NARRATOR: The worker cells were trained to be, not only productive, but versatile. JANICE LI: Yeah. NARRATOR: To help answer this, Janice Li has meticulously plotted all the armaments found in Pit 1. The 1100-man unit was given a unique mission within the Allied Army: to impersonate other Allied Army units to deceive the enemy. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: All of this requires a very versatile workforce that can produce a sword today, a crossbow tomorrow, a halberd the day after, depending on what's needed, as the work moves forward. We can now turn it over, we can immediately see a relatively high tin content that's around 20 percent. NARRATOR: Combat damages the edges of bronze weapons, but the terracotta army ones are unmarked. ANDREW BEVAN: What the software tries to do is to go through each photograph and define a set of features that it can recognize. But by then Qin Shi Huang had built an empire. Watch Preview. So it's got its very simple interchangeable component parts. On the outskirts there's chilling evidence. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: What if they have disturbed gods in an old temple? NARRATOR: The plots of the armaments in Pit 1 identified several distinct batches of triggers. Then, one day, in 1974, during a drought in Shaanxi province, Mr. Yang and other local farmers started digging a well. Now, a series of archaeological excavations shows the terracotta army is only the start, a small part of a vast complex, estimated to be over 21 square miles. Other pits held models of exotic animals and even members of the emperor's court. NARRATOR: Some archaeologists suggest that they are even portraits of real people. The computer maps the features in three-dimensional space, then joins them up to create the head. Archaeologists also found leg and neck irons, while Sima Qian refers to some workers as convicts and men condemned to castration. The great mystery is how. Each figure will need to be scanned into the computer, but 3D-laser-scanning is time-consuming and expensive. JANICE LI: That's the marks here, probably the hand holding inside and then smooth outside. Mass invasions and battles raged across the countryside, but, finally, one of those states conquered all the others and created the terracotta army, and all in a single lifetime. Created more than 2,000 years ago, it was lost and only recently discovered. ANDREW BEVAN: We've done this particular warrior in all of his glory. This is a working replica. Emperor's Ghost Army In central China, a vast underground mausoleum conceals a life-size terracotta army of cavalry, infantry, horses, chariots, weapons, administrators, acrobats, and musicians, all built to serve China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang Di, in the afterlife. NARRATOR: To test the replica arrows to the limit, he's using a modern bow, with the 200-pound draw weight of the original Qin bows. YANG ZHIFA: Then a shoulder and chest appeared. Mr. Han has built a replica of an ancient Qin kiln. NARRATOR: These models are designed to allow precise comparison of everything from hands to heads, arms to armor, or figure to figure. NARRATOR: &and the precise shape of the triggers. So that's the challenge an arrowhead has. NARRATOR: This is not just a mausoleum, but an eternal pleasure palace: two half-size chariots made up of over 3,400 parts. The Qin leader now ruled all China, as the first emperor. NARRATOR: Everything had to be perfect for an immortal army, created to defend the first emperor in his perpetual afterlife, and perfection was achieved through fear. In central China, a vast underground mausoleum conceals a life-size terracotta army of cavalry, infantry, horses, chariots, weapons, administrators, acrobats, and musicians, all built to serve China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang Di, in the afterlife. NARRATOR: They were mass-produced, with all the parts made to fit together precisely, as historians of the day recorded. But can it be used to clarify how a 2,000-year-old culture overcame all the challenges of creating such an epic masterpiece? JANICE LI: Bu Geng Jiu is the builder's name, means, like, he owed the government money. His tomb mound has never been excavated, but the terracotta army opened the door to a lost world. 【Emperor's Ghost Army】PBS documentary film. He may have feared that the spirits of his many victims would seek revenge in the afterlife. When the Ghost King of Mang Mountain's power arrives, host, please make your preparations." Over 40,000 arrowheads have been excavated from the pits. It creates a vicious, brutal society of people informing on each other, and everyone was terrified. So Janice Li is using a still camera as the first step in the process that will turn 2D pictures into 3D models. In 210 B.C., 11 years after he conquered all his neighbors, the first emperor died. MIKE LOADES: The Chinese battlefield was full of arrow storms. NARRATOR: As well as the halberd, the Qin deployed a range of bronze weapons, including spears, lances and longswords. YANG ZHIFA: I said, “There's bronze underground.”. While this set of triggers is different, showing it was made by another cell of workers. Flakes of bright pigments still cling to the surface of torsos, hands and heads, showing the warriors were once highly decorated and suggesting a colorful, even gaudy array when first created. But how did the Qin do it all on such a vast scale? MIKE LOADES: It is an ingenious bit of mass-produced, standardized military equipment. Xiuzhen Janice LiProf. It's actually gone right through, and it's come out the other side, through the pork. The Cape Cod Museum of Natural History in Brewster continues its Nature Screen film series with Emperor’s Ghost Army a PBS NOVA documentary Wednesdays, October 14 & 28, 2020 at 11:30am. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: Sometimes people referred to this supervisory system for quality control as a “carrot and stick” system. Over 300 coffins were filled with horse skeletons. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: That's over 400 pounds. Once the hollow mold is filled out with clay, it's joined and allowed to dry before the figure is assembled, ready for firing in a kiln or oven. Dams diverted streams around the tomb. Watch Preview. JANICE LI: (Translating from conversation with Mr. Han): About 200 kilos. Over 2,000 years ago, these warriors were buried and forgotten. This massive site stands as testimony to the ingenuity and ruthlessness of the ancient Qin civilization. JONATHAN CLEMENTS: &but also that he did some good, that he unified China, that he took these disparate states, with different languages and with different writing systems, and he forced them all to be Chinese. You just insert it into the mold. You can choose any of these warriors and you will immediately admire the very personal facial expressions, the individual hairstyle. View production, box office, & company info, Documentaries on Politics, History and War. This is fantastic. MIKE LOADES (Military Historian): The Chinese crossbow is two millennia ahead of its time. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Only one type of machine could make these fine even lines, a rotary lathe that uses a spinning stone to sharpen blades. Mang Shan Ghost Army is following by Ghost King of Mang Mountain's side. It's the creation of an amazingly advanced civilization. ANDREW BEVAN: This is a very new technique, and the implications are enormous for archaeology. Then you see the tang just sticks out there and that's the funnel that would take the metal in. They were built by groups, or cells, led by 92 master craftsmen, each probably controlling about 10 workers. The Qin Empire gave its name to China, along with a legal system and one currency. They reveal a structure of strict supervision, where all the workers had to record their names. JANICE LI: What he believed, when he died, he still could carry on his life in the underground kingdom. Every one of the 40,000 arrowheads were sharpened by somebody on a wheel. NARRATOR: The ancient Chinese saying “treat death like birth” meant he could enjoy his possessions in the afterlife. We have five ongoing archaeology sites in the mausoleum. How was it done? Season 41 Episode 20 | 52m 52s | Video has closed captioning. But the first emperor also had a reputation for extreme cruelty. Sima Qian records he was buried in a bronze coffin, surrounded by rivers of mercury, laid out in a map of the empire. That means you've got scales, which overlap each other, and then, behind that, is soft textile armor. JANICE LI: We found amazing archaeological objects. Watch Preview. Master forger Andy Lacey is experimenting, trying to reproduce the casting techniques developed in China over 2,000 years ago. This may have inspired the elaborate planning of his vast mausoleum and overshadowing it all, the first emperor's own huge tomb mound. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: This is, today, the simplest, fastest, even cheapest, way we have of determining the chemical composition of something. It was this forced labor that enabled the Qin to create the Chinese empire, protected with the earlier stages of the Great Wall, connected with intercity highways and irrigated with networks of canals and locks. The grand historian said the imperial coffin was buried under the mound, which was originally 350 feet high. The all-controlling Qin bureaucracy gave each body an inscribed death certificate or dog tag. NARRATOR: The plots are then compared with the analysis of the metal content of the arrowheads,&, JANICE LI: This group really are very different from&. But are they clones or individuals? The molding process creates a variety of limbs that can be combined with the various torsos in different ways to create a mix of figures: archers, heavy infantry, cavalrymen, generals, officials and charioteers and even their horses. Bits of legs, headless humans and even horses, all smashed after 22 centuries underground. It stands guard between the emperor's grave and the states he subjugated to the east. So, I think we cannot guess what buried beneath in the whole tomb complex. It's going to be truly revolutionary. And the principle defense against them was the halberd. The Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers. ANDREW BEVAN: What we've discovered, so far, through these 3D models, is that no two ears are demonstrably the same. MIKE LOADES: The real genius was the trigger: the bronze, the cast bronze trigger, produced to a standardized form in the hundreds of thousands. After the wooden parts rotted away, all that was left on the floor are the bronze weapons once placed in the warriors' hands. It's only recently that we are beginning to use it in archaeology, bringing about a revolution in the way we can characterize materials. NARRATOR: This is the earliest evidence of rotary lathes being used for sharpening weapons, on an industrial scale, anywhere in the world. It's devastating against ballistic gel, but how will it fare against Chinese armor? MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: They're really well done. NARRATOR: So the terracotta army was fully armed. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: All the swords, all the lances, all the halberds and every one of the 40,000 arrowheads have been sharpened in the same way. Yeah. NARRATOR: Using a replica, Mike Loades demonstrates the design of the trigger. It's very likely that just as the army and society was divided up in this cellular way, that the artisans, the blacksmiths and the potters of the Qin world also worked on very similar lines. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: There are two types of visitors to the terracotta army. How is it that they could produce so many weapons in such a relatively short period? Some appreciate the beauty in the detail. NARRATOR: The identical parallel lines on so many weapons show this is mechanical sharpening, on an industrial scale. Each figure is intricately detailed, weighs 3- to 400 pounds and is made from seven main parts. How was it possible to orchestrate all the technological knowledge, all the resources and all the manpower needed and to do it so quickly? Its pioneering system of flexible manufacturing, combined with authoritarian rule, allowed it to create the eternal wonder of the terracotta army. He tells China historian Jonathan Clements what happened. Emperor's Ghost Army Emperor Qin Shi Huang of China was buried in a mausoleum with around 9,000 terracotta statues. NARRATOR: The Qin army had become so well organized and equipped, it conquered all its rivals and ended two centuries of war. MARCOS MARTINÓN-TORRES: The Annals of Lü Buwei, who would date to around the time of the first Emperor, claim that if there's any misalignment in the parts of a trigger, it will not function. 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