falangist movement of spain

75. Falange, in full Falange Española (“Spanish Phalanx”) or (1937–77) Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (“Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx of the Juntas of the National Syndicalist Offensive”), extreme nationalist political group founded in Spain in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera. [33], Political ideology of the Falange Española. Influenced by Italian fascism, the Falange joined forces (February 1934) with a like-minded group, Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, and issued a manifesto of 27 points repudiating the republican constitution, party politics, capitalism, Marxism, and clericalism, and proclaiming the necessity of a national-syndicalist state, a strong government and military, and Spanish imperialist expansion. Players and supports alike were directly involved in the events of the war, many enlisting to fight against Franco in the war. 190–191. Empty slogans and vacillations were swept overboard and the task attacked in a revolutionary manner. Despite parades and strident proclamations, the Falange made little headway in its first three years. 189. Falange, in full Falange Española (“Spanish Phalanx”) or (1937–77) Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (“Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx of the Juntas of the National Syndicalist Offensive”), extreme nationalist political group founded in Spain in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera. [32] This policy was set against that of the Second Spanish Republic that provided universal suffrage to women. Fascism. 178. 191. Vox – a Falangist split from the PP in 2013 – won 12 seats, 11 per cent of the vote, up from 0.5 per cent in 2014. [26], After the merger of the original Falange with the Carlists in 1937 to form the new Falange (FET y de las JONS) that would serve as the sole political party of Francoist Spain, the result was a Falange intended as a "melting pot" for all of the various political factions on the Nationalist side of the civil war. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, marqués de Estella. [15], Some of the Falangists in Spain had supported racialism and racialist policies, viewing races as both real and existing with differing strengths, weaknesses and accompanying cultures inextricably obtained with them. Francisco Franco: El Caudillo Francisco Franco (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. Spain, 1941. The club was openly opposed to the Falangist movement of Franco and suffered greatly for it. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 1995. "[28] In October 1937, the new leader of the Falange, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta, declared national syndicalism to be fully compatible with capitalism, drawing praise from the non-falangist right. Roger Griffin (ed). Pp. [11], During the Spanish Civil War, the Falange and the Carlists both promoted the incorporation of Portugal into Spain, and the new Falange resulting from their unification in 1937 continued to do so. When the civil war broke out in Spain in 1936 the Club suffered greatly. [18] Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). So the Falangists fight for these ideas, as a “volunteer warrior” meant to “conquer Spain for Spain.” These are ideas that, in their general outlines, seem to us perfectly “in order,” they already present a precise aspect and may have the value of solid points of reference. Pp. [14] During World War II, Franco in a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 declared that Portugal should be made a part of Spain. The creation of the commissions and committees formed a solidarity that transformed into the Movement of Trade Union Opposition. [22] The Falange's position was influenced by the fact of the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong antisemitism. Updates? [29], The Franco-era Falange supported the development of cooperatives such as the Mondragon Corporation because it bolstered the Francoist claim of the nonexistence of social classes in Spain during his rule. Falangism did and still does support natality policies to stimulate increased fertility rate among ideal physically and morally fit citizens. Franco’s Falange became a sterile appendage to the state bureaucracy. [22] The Falangist daily newspaper Arriba claimed that "the Judeo-Masonic International is the creator of two great evils that have afflicted humanity: capitalism and Marxism". [23] Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism. [1] Falangism has a disputed relationship with fascism as some historians consider the Falange to be a fascist movement based on its fascist leanings during the early years,[2] while others focus on its transformation into an authoritarian conservative movement in Francoist Spain.[1][3]. Across Spain, the Falange – over 60% of whose leaders had been murdered or detained – was literally overwhelmed by new recruits. It further advocated agrarian reform, industrial expansion, and respect for private property with the exception of nationalizing credit facilities to prevent capitalist usury. This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "Spanish miracle". Three Carlist Wars, a failed Republic, controversial Restoration, and the loss of the last remnants of Spain’s colonial empire to the rising United States left the country to enter the 20th century in humiliation and profound socio-political division. [25], Originally, Falangism in Spain as promoted by Primo de Rivera advocated a "national syndicalist" economy that rejected both capitalism and communism. [24] However, on the issue of perceived political tendencies amongst Jews he warned about Jewish-Marxist influences over the working classes. Falangism is a right-wing political movement that has roots in 1930s Spain when Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera founded the Falange Espanola political party in 1933. Pp. The Falange itself had become utterly moribund by this time and was formally abolished on April 1, 1977. The manifesto also called for a national syndicalist economy, and advocated agrarian reform, industrial expansion, and respect for private property with the exception of nationalizing credit facilities to prevent usury. During the Spanish Civil War, the Falange and the Carlists prior to the two parties' unification in 1937 both promoted the incorporation of Portugal into Spain. Discursos y prácticas en Madrid", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falangism&oldid=999834570, Articles that may contain original research from February 2020, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 05:17. [16] It was less concerned about biological Spanish racial regeneration than it was in advocating the necessity of Spanish Catholic spiritual regeneration. Franco, Monarchy, Inequality, Capitalism, Being called a Fascist and/or Far-Right Democratic Falangism is an ideology largely shaped by the Spanish political party Falange Auténtica, which claims to carry on the legacy of the early, pre-civil war Falangist movement. The section in Spanish Guinea allowed Emancipados into its ranks. This new Falange was meant to incorporate all Nationalist political factions, and became the sole political party of Francoist Spain. The American Falangist Party, (AFP), the official short form adopted by the party for its full name, the National Syndical American Falangist Party, (NSAFP), was an American political party connected to the ideology of Falangism as practiced by the Spanish Falange. Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. Collaboration-organized youth of Spain was a new facet of the general movement of European youth, which twenty-five years ago launched forth in open rebellion against the old, decayed and senile selfishness. This contributed in bankrupting the Falangist trade unions. The expansion of our national railway network will not only provide much-needed jobs, but also facilitate movement of troops, supplies, and serve as a point of national pride for all Spaniards. Upon the military uprising against the Spanish Republic in July 1936, several of the Falange’s principal leaders, including Primo de Rivera, were arrested and shot by Republican firing squads. Ideology, mobilization, and the nation: the rise of Irish, Basque, and Carlist national movements in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Myth of Mondragón: Cooperatives, Politics, and Working-class Life in a Basque Town. Fascism Outside of Europe. [22], The Spanish Falange and its Hispanic affiliates have promoted the cultural, economic and racial unity of Hispanic peoples across the world in "hispanidad". Liberalism succumbed to its impetus. [27] At the same time, it was made clear that the economy would continue to rest on private property, whose protection was guaranteed, while the state was envisioned as undertaking economic initiatives only when private enterprise failed or "the interests of the nation require it. Stanley G. Payne. General Francisco Franco found in the Falange a potential political party and an explicit ideology at hand for his use. [9] It has sought to unite Hispanic peoples through proposals to create a commonwealth or federation of Spanish-speaking states headed by Spain. The Falangism o nacionalsindicalismo is a political, social and economic theory born in Spain at the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century. Demonstration of the Falangist Youth. Membership in the Falange became indispensable to political advancement, but it gradually ceased to be identified with the original Falangist ideology as Franco’s regime evolved during the late 1940s and ’50s. Falangism places a strong emphasis on Catholic religious identity, although it has held some secular views on the Church's direct influence in society as it believed that the state should have the supreme authority over the nation. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Falangism has a disputed relationship with fascism as some historians consider the Falange to be a fascist movement based on its fascist leanings during the early years, while others focus on its transformation into an authoritarian conservative movement in Francoist Spain. Sharryn Kasmir. [4] The merger was opposed by some of the original Falangists, such as Manuel Hedilla. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 1995. [32] … How did Vox do it? The Falange emphasised the national traditions of … [6][7], The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Seven Points", declared Falangism to support the unity of Spain and the elimination of regional separatism, the establishment of a dictatorship led by the Falange, utilizing violence to regenerate Spain, and promoting the revival and development of the Spanish Empire, all attributes that it had in common with fascism. Falangism (Spanish: falangismo) was the political ideology of two political parties in Spain that were known as the Falange, namely first the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS) and afterwards the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS). On Jan. 12, 1975, prior to Franco’s death, a law was passed permitting the establishment of other “political associations”; thereafter and especially after Franco’s death in November, other political parties began to proliferate. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. 190. During its early years of existence, the Falange produced maps of Spain that included Portugal as a province of Spain. Franco praised Spain's Visigothic heritage, saying that the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths gave Spaniards their "national love for law and order". [12] The Carlists stated that a Carlist Spain would retake Gibraltar and Portugal. Roger Viollet via Getty Images-1792. The original Falangist party, FE de las JONS, merged with the Carlists in 1937 following the Unification Decree of Francisco Franco, to form FET y de las JONS. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 1995. The Falange also advocated the incorporation of Gibraltar into Spain, both prior to and after its merger with the Carlists. In post-Civil War Spain it was not the movement which directed the state, as José Antonio had intended, but the state which directed the movement. M. K. Flynn. General Franco became the Falange’s absolute chief and his brother-in-law Ramón Serrano Suñer its chief spokesman. Plaque with Falangist symbols on a building of the Franco period on February 20, 2021 in Leon, Spain. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. José Antonio Primo de Rivera declared that "[t]he State is founded on two principles—service to the united nation and the cooperation of classes". A second driving force was the brutalisation of Spain's colonial … [10] Primo de Rivera denounced capitalism for being an individualist economy at the hands of the bourgeoisie that turned workers "into a dehumanized cog in the machinery of bourgeois production," and denounced state socialist economies for "enslaving the individual by handing control of production to the state. [19][better source needed], Franco praised Spain's Visigothic heritage, saying that the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths gave Spaniards their "national love for law and order". [30], Falangism is staunchly anti-communist. Fascism. Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, kicked out the Falangist movement, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei. The Falange, both prior to and after its merger with the Carlists, supported the unification of Gibraltar and Portugal into Spain, during its early years of existenc… With the coming to power of the Popular Front and the ensuing rapid polarization of Spanish politics, the Falangists gained increasing popularity at the expense of the conservatives and Roman Catholics of the right. [5] Like fascism, Falangism is anti-communist, anti-democratic and anti-liberal. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. "[10], The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Seven Points", called for a social revolution to create a national syndicalist economy that creates national syndicates of both employees and employers to mutually organize and control the economic activity. [20] During early years of the Falangist regime of Franco, the regime admired Nazi Germany and had Spanish archaeologists seek to demonstrate that Spaniards were part of the Aryan race particularly through their Visigothic heritage. [14], Falangism supports a national, trans-class society while opposing individual-class-based societies such as bourgeois or proletarian societies. Winning the Spanish Civil War as the Falangist is quite a challenge but not impossible. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1999 pp.330–331. Stein Ugelvik Larsen (ed.). The miners chose to organize in their own workers’ commissions and strike committees, which coordinated the carefully organized strikes. However, unlike other racialists such as the Nazis, Falangism is unconcerned about racial purity and does not denounce other races for being inferior, claiming "that every race has a particular cultural significance" and claiming that the intermixing of the Spanish race and other races has produced a "Hispanic supercaste" that is "ethically improved, morally robust, spiritually vigorous". On June 6th 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy; in August, Allied troops landed in the Provence. On October 29, 1933, José Antonio Primo de Rivera founded a fascist political party in Madrid, Spain, called Falange Española(FE). During early years of the Falangist regime of Franco, the regime admired Nazi Germany and had Spanish archaeologists seek to demonstrate that Spaniards were part of the Aryan race particularly through their Visigothic heritage. [5] Falangism emphasized the need for total authority, hierarchy and order in society. Corrections? [13] After the civil war, some radical members of the Falange called for a reunification with Portugal and annexation of former Spanish territories in the French Pyrenees. It suddenly saw its membership increase to 200,000 and then to 500,000 members. Omissions? Falangism has a disputed relationship with fascismas some historians consider the Falange to be a fascist movement based on its fascist leanings during the early … State University of New York, 1996. [9], Falangism has attacked both the political left and the right as its "enemies", declaring itself to be neither left nor right, but a syncretic third position. Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel. With a pod no earlier than 1970 have spain be falangist today or have the falangist be a major party in today’s spain. Fascism. After the victory of the Nationalists in 1939 and the end of the war, the Falange’s radical fascist ideas were subordinated to the conservative and traditionalist values of Franco’s regime. Opposed to the Republican regime, it supported Franco's Nationalist coup of 1936, but became only a minor element in his regime. The Falange was the official name for the Spanish Fascist Party. The Falange’s membership was over 250,000 when Franco seized control of it in 1937, and more than 150,000 Falangists served in Franco’s armed forces during the Civil War. The Germans could not hold on to France, by the end of the year it was liberated and Spain surrounded by territories liberated by the Allies. The local assembly voted on Monday to remove the statue — which the government of Melilla said was “the last statue of Franco in the public sphere in Spain” — to comply with this law, with only the far-right Vox party voting against. [21], The founder of the Falange Española, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, had little interest in addressing the "Jewish problem" outside areas of political issues. In 1959, the Female Section extended its teaching to Guinean women to prepare them for independence. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. P. 46. Fascist politics were introduced in Spain in several stages, all unsuccessful, before the outbreak of the civil war in 1936. "[27] Private initiative and ownership was recognized as the most effective means of production, but owners and managers were given the responsibility of advancing that production for the common good. In its original form, Falangism is widely considered a fascist ideology. Cambridge, England, UK: Press Syndicate of Cambridge University Press, 1995. The Falange was founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera who was the son of the former Spanish dictator, General Primo de Rivera. Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett. and related to the National Synarchist Union Mexican fascist movement. They are located in the Iberia region of Southwest Europe. 120–121. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. True, it had to be reconciled with traditionalist, clericalist, and monarchist elements within the Nationalist movement, but this was effected by the decree of April 19, 1937, whereby the Falange, the Carlists, and other right-wing factions were forcibly merged into one body with the cumbrous title of Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. [10] Scholarly sources reviewing Falangism place it on the far right. Many of the key figures of FC Barcelona at the time were openly against the Falangist movement and in a remarkable attack, the pro-independence club president Josep Sunyol was murdered by Falangist soldiers. Falangism (Spanish: falangismo) was the political ideology of two political parties in Spain that were known as the Falange, namely first the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS) and afterwards the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS). Yale University Press, p. 183. Originally, the Falangists looked at the fascism of Mussolini's Italy and added some Spanish peculiarities such as Catholicism. Its Sección Femenina, 'Female Section' instructed women to be good wives and mothers, teaching domestic economy and cultivating the folk dances of Spain in its Coros y Danzas, 'Choirs and Dances' troupes. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe, "Así eran los 'falangistas negros' de la Guinea Española", "La Sección Femenina de Falange. Political party of Francoist Spain chief and his brother-in-law Ramón Serrano Suñer its chief spokesman news,,... Damage caused by pathogenic agents news, offers, and Working-class Life in a Basque Town sources if have. April 1, 1977 large Falangist flag during a march for the Spanish civil war falangist movement of spain the Falangist of. Ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article the anniversary of the original Falangists, such as or... 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