socialists in the spanish civil war

[121] The Nationalists had secured the support of around half of Spain's territorial army, some 60,000 men, joined by the Army of Africa, made up of 35,000 men,[122] and just under half of Spain's militaristic police forces, the Assault Guards, the Civil Guards, and the Carabineers. W. H. Auden(1907-1973): poet, playwright, librettist, critic, editor, translator; served as a stretcher-bearer for the Loyalists (supporters of the elected government). Organised purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime. Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 35. More than 1000 each came from the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Canada. [149], The Nationalist side included the Carlists and Alfonsists, Spanish nationalists, the fascist Falange, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. Yet as of early July the centrist and rightist opposition in Spain remained divided and impotent. While some Nationalist leaders did oppose the bombing of the city – for example, Generals Yagüe and Moscardó, who were noted for being nonconformists, protested against the indiscriminate destruction – other Nationalist leaders, often those of a fascist persuasion, approved of the bombings which they saw as necessary to "cleanse" Barcelona. In late February 1939, their army was 400,000[136] compared to more than double that number of Nationalists. Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945. Carlists. Spanish commentators spoke of chaos and preparation for revolution, foreign diplomats prepared for the possibility of revolution, and an interest in fascism developed among the threatened. The third wave occurred after the War, at the end of March 1939, when thousands of Republicans tried to board ships to exile, although few succeeded. The Spanish Legion committed atrocities and the army carried out summary executions of leftists. The Francoist troops launched an offensive and recovered the city by 22 February, but Franco was forced to rely heavily on German and Italian air support. 1. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. [304] The upper age limit was initially set at 12, but raised to 15. What group did the americans join in the spanish civil war? Conversely, historians such as Stanley Payne, Julius Ruiz[350] and José Sánchez[351] argue that the political violence in the Republican zone was in fact organized by the left: In general, this was not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred, by the man in the street for his "oppressors", as it has sometimes been painted, but a semi-organized activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups. Maria Inácia Rezola, "The Franco–Salazar Meetings: Foreign policy and Iberian relations during the Dictatorships (1942–1963)", sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2003 (. ¿Cuántas víctimas se cobró la Guerra Civil? [289] Negrín fled to France on 6 March,[290] but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a brief civil war within the civil war. Contemporary European History (2005): 171–191. He shortly replaced Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole. The Republican government was anticlerical, and, when the war began, supporters attacked and murdered Roman Catholic clergy in reaction to the news of military revolt. The crews of two naval Portuguese vessels, the NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and the NRP Dão, mutinied. Adolf Hitler quickly sent in powerful air and armoured units to assist the Nationalists. 600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards, Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 80; the number of migrants usually quoted is 450,000, which refers only to these who crossed to France in the first months of 1939, López, Fernando Martínez (2010). [230] Germany informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported "the manoeuvres of Moscow" by supporting the Republicans. [410], The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the bombing of Cabra, and in fact conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists. [67] The Spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga, an Azaña supporter and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco, wrote a sharp criticism of the left's participation in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936, when generals Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco launched an uprising aimed at overthrowing the country's democratically elected republic. Therefore, he limited his aid, and instead encouraged Benito Mussolini to send in large Italian units. The two groups were not amalgamated, and the Irish contingent was shortly moved to a base in the town of Villanueva de la Jara in January 1937 and part of the Irish voted to move over to the American Abraham Lincoln Battalion. [211][212] Many rifles and field guns provided were old, obsolete or otherwise of limited use (some dated back to the 1860s) but the T-26 and BT-5 tanks were modern and effective in combat. )[97], Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. The outcome of the Spanish Civil War altered the balance of power in Europe, tested the military power of Germany and Italy, and pushed ER \"away from the peace movement and into the ranks of the anti-fascists\" fighting for democracy. Of the approximately 15,301 officers, just over half rebelled. On the other hand, he was reluctant to disarm the military as he believed he needed them to stop insurrections from the extreme left. [237], Many Americans volunteered and arrived in Spain in 1937. [409] Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), and many other prominent POUM members, were murdered by the Communists, with the help of the USSR's NKVD. [15] Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with anarchists, of the communist and syndicalist variety, fought against a revolt by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives and traditionalists, led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role. [299], Of the 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs, farmers and others who could not find relations in France were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. [193] The Labour Party was split, with its Catholic element favouring the Nationalists. Irish Socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War describes a grouping of IRA members and Irish Socialists who fought in support the cause of the Second Republic during the Spanish Civil War. "[68], Reversals of land reform resulted in expulsions, firings, and arbitrary changes to working conditions in the central and southern countryside in 1935, with landowners' behaviour at times reaching "genuine cruelty", with violence against farmworkers and socialists, which caused several deaths. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2011, pp.89–90, Casanova, Julián. They claimed to represent 53 nations. [276] With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement. The war was cast by Republican sympathisers as a struggle between tyranny and freedom, and by Nationalist supporters as communist and anarchistred hordes versus Christian civilisation. [note 7] For the Nationalists it was mostly the Italian and German credit;[note 8] in case of the Republicans it was sales of gold reserves, mostly to the USSR and in much smaller amount to France. "Fighting Against Democracy: Military Factions in the Second Spanish Republic and Civil War (1931–1939)." highest considered estimate, Jackson, Gabriel (2005). including 285,000 KIA, 125,000 civilians "due to war directed causes", 200,000 malnutrition., Sandler, Stanley (2002). [169] Italian warships took part in breaking the Republican navy's blockade of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga, Valencia, and Barcelona. After holding several cabinet posts under the monarchy, he became a republican and was jailed for his political activity in 1930. However, the 500,000 death toll does not include deaths by malnutrition, hunger or diseases brought about by the war. "one and a half million Spaniards have already been killed in the war". lowest considered estimate, Du Souich (2011), p. 62; lowest considered estimate, Jackson (2005), p. 14; 1943 estimate of the Spanish Direccion General de Estadistica, referred after Puche, Javier (2017). [81], Shortly after the Popular Front's election victory, various groups of officers, both active and retired, got together to begin discussing the prospect of a coup. (12 April) Municipal elections, King Alfonso XIII abdicates. The conflict escalated in 1936 and lasted until 1939. Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent. "[78] Within the first month of the Popular Front's government, nearly a quarter of the provincial governors had been removed due to their failure to prevent or control strikes, illegal land occupation, political violence and arson. On the Nationalist side, the biggest losses came after the conflict, when they had to let Germany exploit the country's mining resources, so until the beginning of World War II they barely had the chance to make any profit. 285,000 in combat, 125,000 executed, 200,000 of malnutrition, Thomas, Hugh (1961). [408] Pro-Soviet Communists committed numerous atrocities against fellow Republicans, including other Marxists: André Marty, known as the Butcher of Albacete, was responsible for the deaths of some 500 members of the International Brigades. Spanish Civil War synonyms, Spanish Civil War pronunciation, Spanish Civil War translation, English dictionary definition of Spanish Civil War. 145,000 KIA, 134,000 executed, 630,000 due to sickness, cold etc.. maximum considered estimate, Griffin, Julia Ortiz, Griffin, William D. (2007). Anti-war and pacifist sentiment was strong in many countries, leading to warnings that the Civil War could escalate into a second world war. a. anarchists c. fascists b. communists d. socialists. when referring reported calculations of Hugh Thomas and divided into 320,000 KIA, 100,000 executed and 220,000 of malnutrition etc., Crow, John Armstrong (1985). [279], On 7 March, Nationalists launched the Aragon Offensive, and by 14 April they had pushed through to the Mediterranean, cutting the Republican-held portion of Spain in two. [430] [413], As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force. The Regular Spanish Air force commander Andrés García La Calle was openly critical of Malraux's military efficiency but recognised his usefulness as a propagandist. [100], Massive reprisals followed. The destruction had a significant effect on international opinion. [97] According to Stanley Payne, Franco was offered this position as Mola's planning for the coup had become increasingly complex and it did not look like it would be as swift as he hoped, instead likely turning into a miniature civil war that would last several weeks. [209] Estimates of material provided by the USSR to the Republicans vary between 634 and 806 aircraft, 331 and 362 tanks and 1,034 to 1,895 artillery pieces. The Law of Municipal Boundaries forbade the hiring of workers from outside the locality of the owner's holdings. The civil war took on aspects of ideological warfare in other European countries, but it was, at its core, a Spanish thing. Planning for Republican Congress continued, however, with a meeting being held in Rathmines town hall on September 29 — 30, 1934. wanted more rights and equality for workers/lower classes, social programs, state regulation of economy. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS 177 (2017): 147–179. "The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS, later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups, before it became the official salute in Franco's Spain. Spain was a very divided, unstable and weak country in the 19th century. [104] Within hours of learning of the murder and the reaction, Franco changed his mind on rebellion and dispatched a message to Mola to display his firm commitment. [266], A similar Nationalist offensive, the Battle of Guadalajara, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. [45] At this point once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($215,000,000) in 1939 prices,[178][note 3] 15.5% of which was used for salaries and expenses and 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain, while 62.6% was expended on the Condor Legion. [166], As the conquest of Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War made the Italian government confident in its military power, Benito Mussolini joined the war to secure Fascist control of the Mediterranean,[167] supporting the Nationalists to a greater extent than the National-Socialists did. [91][92], On 12 June, Prime Minister Casares Quiroga met General Juan Yagüe, who falsely convinced Casares of his loyalty to the republic. Their base was primarily secular and urban but also included landless peasants and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias, the Basque country, and Catalonia. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards fled to refugee camps in southern France. On the left, including labour unions, students and intellectuals, the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism. [28], Spain was neutral in World War I. [105], The Socialists and Communists, led by Indalecio Prieto, demanded that arms be distributed to the people before the military took over. Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 76; slightly different figures, 344,000 and 558,000, in earlier study completed using the same method, see Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 48. only those who did not return to Spain, Payne (1987), p. 220. The policy of evacuating children to foreign countries was initially opposed to by elements in the government as well as private charities, who saw the policy as unnecessary and harmful to the well-being of the evacuated children. The first three months of the war were the bloodiest, with 50 to 70 percent of all executions carried out by Franco's regime, from 1936 to 1975, occurring during this period. Held in Athlone on April 7 and 8 the focus of the initial meeting was to decide on the direction of the new body and it was decided that an annual Congress should be inaugurated beginning in September 1934.[2]. [84] Mola was chief planner and second in command. Casares did nothing, failing to arrest or buy off Franco. [83] Manuel Goded Llopis was removed as inspector general and was made general of the Balearic Islands. [371] When Bilbao was conquered, thousands of people were sent to prison. The Spanish Civil War officially began in July 1936, when the 43-year-old Franco led a military coup against the leadership of the Second Spanish Republic, proclaimed in 1931 by a coalition of antimonarchist parties. This tended to benefit younger officers starting their careers as they could, while older officers had familial commitments that made it harder for them to be deployed in North Africa. [189][190] Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause. The prime minister was hesitant. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 141. The Spanish civil war synonyms, The Spanish civil war pronunciation, The Spanish civil war translation, English dictionary definition of The Spanish civil war. The disturbance pleased Nationalist command, but little was done to exploit Republican divisions. Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. [162], The Spanish Civil War involved large numbers of non-Spanish citizens who participated in combat and advisory positions. [126] The Spanish Republican Navy suffered from the same problems as the army—many officers had defected or been killed after trying to do so. [298] Refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions. The Connolly bookshop in Dublin keeps various items of memorabilia from the troops who fought. "Spain from 1931 to the Present". Reflections on the Francoist repression after the Spanish Civil War." Ultimately, the reforms of the Republican-Socialist government alienated as many people as they pleased. 103,000 executed during the war, 28,000 executed afterwards, around 100,000 KIA, Martínez de Baños Carrillo, Fernando, Szafran, Agnieszka (2011), the total reported as "muerte violenta o casual" for 1936–1939 in official statistics released by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica in 1943, might include accidental deaths (car accidents etc.) [24] With the onset of the Great Depression, the government tried to assist rural Spain by instituting an eight-hour day and redistributing land tenure to farm workers. One historian argued that the behaviour of the right in the southern countryside was one of the main causes of hatred during the Civil War and possibly even the Civil War itself. [62] The rebellion developed into a bloody revolutionary uprising, against the existing order. [36] Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists. Many visited Spain, hoping to find authentic anti-fascism in practise. Communist figures including Vittorio Vidali ("Comandante Contreras"), Iosif Grigulevich, Mikhail Koltsov and, most prominently, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov led operations that included the murders of Catalan anti-Stalinist Communist politician Andrés Nin, the socialist journalist Mark Rein, and the independent left-wing activist José Robles. [307], Both sides relied mostly on domestic resources; in case of the Nationalists they amounted to 63% of the overall spendings ($1.28bn) and in case of the Republicans they stood at 59% ($1.09bn). Training for the Socialist volunteers took place at Madrigueras (Albacete) alongside troops from the British Battalion. [244] On 21 July, the fifth day of the rebellion, the Nationalists captured the central Spanish naval base, located in Ferrol, Galicia. [127], The war was cast by Republican sympathisers as a struggle between tyranny and freedom, and by Nationalist supporters as communist and anarchist red hordes versus Christian civilisation. The work's size (11 ft by 25.6 ft) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight. [288], Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the Republican forces. [305] By mid-September, all of los niños, as they became known, had found homes with families. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism. [277] Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive. O'Donnell, Ryan, Gilmore, and Edwards put forward a resolution supporting a United Front of the working class and small farmers. [355] The violence was carried out in the rebel zone by the military, the Civil Guard and the Falange in the name of the regime. [373] Landowners who owned the large estates of Southern Spain rode alongside the Army of Africa to reclaim via force of arms the land given to the landless peasants by the Republican government. [221], Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) inside the Republican rearguard. Officers supporting the coup tended to be africanistas (men who fought in North Africa between 1909 and 1923) while those who stayed loyal tended to be peninsulares (men who stayed back in Spain during this period). Initial turmoil in the Republican zone contributed to problems, while at later stages the course of the war meant that population, territory and resources kept shrinking.[307]. Antony Beevor, one of Britain’s finest military historians, does not quote Karl Marx’s dictum in his book The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. It remained in power until the culmination of the Spanish Civil War. The Splintering of Spain, p. 54 CUP, 2005, Madariaga – Spain (1964) p.416 as cited in, Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. Thus they fared poorly in combat, particularly against the professional Army of Africa armed with modern weapons, ultimately contributing to Franco's rapid advance. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. The Spanish Civil War: a very short introduction. Beevor, Antony. His novel L'Espoir and the film version he produced and directed (Espoir: Sierra de Teruel) were a great help for the Republican cause in France. The two combatant parties followed similar financial strategies; in both cases money creation, rather than new taxes or issue of debt, was key to financing the war. Once a great power, Spain lost almost the last of its colonies after its defeat in the Spanish-American war. [102][103] The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and a lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. Finally, the final months of 1936 saw the arrival of foreign troops, International Brigades joining the Republicans and Italian CTV, German Legion Condor and Portuguese Viriatos joining the Nationalists. Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. Three Carlist Wars, a failed Republic, controversial Restoration, and the loss of the last remnants of Spain’s colonial empire to the rising United States left the country to enter the 20th century in humiliation and profound socio-political division. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936." [69] Landowners taunted workers by saying that if they went hungry, they should "Go eat Republic! Twelve successful coups were carried out, subsequently. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile". [173] German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the bombing of Guernica which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians. They were chiefly defined by their anti-communism, which galvanised diverse or opposed movements like Falangists and monarchists. Some individuals fled to friendly embassies, which would house up to 8,500 people during the war. Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. [124], The Spanish Republican Army had just 18 tanks of a sufficiently modern design, and the Nationalists took control of 10. Republican leader Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population. The Popular Front was an electoral alliance formed between various left-wing and centrist parties for elections to the Cortes in 1936, in which the alliance won a majority of seats. "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War." [401] He, alongside other members of Parliament and a great number of other local officials, attempted to prevent Nationalist supporters being lynched. In 1874… Along with other "undesirable" people, the Spaniards were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. Roughly 40,000 foreign nationals fought with the Brigades, though no more than 18,000 were in the conflict at any given time. While many Socialist and Republicans were able to escape on time, they returned to an Ireland which had undergone significant change in terms of restrictions placed on those sympathetic to the aims of the IRA. The first Socialist volunteers saw action on the Cordoba front in December 1936. [390] Particularly noteworthy repression was conducted in Madrid during the war. Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or to intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured. [365] Many killings in the first few months were often done by vigilantes and civilian death squads, with the Nationalist leadership often condoning their actions or even assisting them. [48] The causal factors were increased resentment of the incumbent government caused by a controversial decree implementing land reform[49] and by the Casas Viejas incident,[50] and the formation of a right-wing alliance, Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA). [96] The plane flew to the Canaries on 11 July, and Franco arrived in Morocco on 19 July. [101] However, the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war. 201–202, Ruiz, Julius. [123] Republicans controlled under half of the rifles and about a third of both machine guns and artillery pieces. Was confirmed head of state. own internal divisions and long-standing rifts offended... P. 79 CTV would, at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris May saw the worst actions of the.! Was appalled by the end of April that general Emilio Mola would emerge as the Centuria Guttieras and Lerroux-CEDA. And May saw the worst actions of the Spanish people meant that many were drawn to communism Anarchism... King Alfonso XIII abdicates 18,000 were in charge of the most backward countries in,... Resources came from expropriations, donations or internal borrowing officially declared the proletarian and! Regime, 1936–1975 devoid of any particular ideology so-called `` Red '' ``! Yet as of early July the centrist and rightist opposition in Spain in 1937 July...: United States government Printing Office, p.37 horizontally socialists in the spanish civil war touch the left shoulder enjoyed only little... 85 ] José Antonio Primo de Rivera was put in prison in January waged... Until 1939 Franco and his armies forced labour, building railways, draining swamps, and Stanley G. and! Santiago Carrillo Solares was accused of the Republicans on September 29 —,. Although a Non-Intervention Committee was formed Week in Barcelona and was made general of the other. 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