A lock ( The term "indirect fire" means firing at an enemy without having a. (703) 614-3727, Office of the Chief Information Officer This section contains information on how to prepare the 81-mm mortar, M252, for firing, how to conduct safety checks, and, if a misfire should occur during firing, what actions the crew applies to remove the cartridge from the barrel. The components of the mortar consist of a cannon, mount, and baseplate. (3) The circlip is correctly located, securing the rotating socket to the baseplate. With standard mortar, the maximum effective range is close to 4,000 metres; with a long-range system, this increases to nearly 4,500 metres. The gunner unlocks the barrel clamp and rotates the barrel, unlocking the breech plug from the rotating socket of the baseplate. Prev - Mk6 Mortar range table for charge 0 Next - Mk6 Mortar range table for charge 2 . Both the M90 and M90A1 propellants are in nine wax-tested, cotton cloth, bag increments assembled to the tail unit. These are NDI items . Trenches are dug to prevent water from flowing under the pile. The floating firing pin located within the primer has approximately 1/16 of an inch to move around. Theme by TechDoc. This cartridge is ballistically matched to the M374A2, M374A1, and M375 HE cartridges, and weighs about 9.12 pounds. If not, he may still fire at the desired range by selecting a charge zone having a higher elevation. To prepare for firing, the slot is aligned in the striker with SQ or delay using the M18 fuze wrench. The M252 81 mm medium weight mortar is a British designed smooth bore, muzzle-loading, high-angle-of-fire weapon used for long-range indirect fire support to light infantry, air assault, and airborne units across the entire front of a battalion zone of influence. MORTAR RANGE: 500M X 100M X: FIELD TRAINING AREA 40000 Sq Ft: X STORAGE BUILDING, GENERAL PURPOSE, INSTALLATION: Area to store excess equipment X: ORGANIZATIONAL STORAGE BUILDING Arms room for Mortar equipment: X . This ensures that the mortar does not fire should the round slip down the barrel during the subsequent drills. (3) The M256-series fuze has an SQ/IMP function only. Standard A ammunition for the M29A1 mortar is Standard B for the M252 mortar (, Light green Yellow band with red markings. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Do not burn increments in piles but spread them in a train 1 to 2 inches deep, 4 to 6 inches wide, and as long as necessary. Propelling charges are covered or protected from dampness or heat. 4-10. The fuze consists of a brass head, body assembly, and expelling charge. An 81 mm mortar is a medium-weight mortar. Official websites use .mil c. The gunner grasps both ends of the traverse screw assembly and supports the mortar during the subsequent drill. Agreed that mortars should generally be used close to the frontline. The safety wire must be removed before firing. The adjustment ring has six raised ribs for use in conjunction with fuze setter, M25, and a setting indicator rib (marked SET) about half the height and width of the other six ribs. (4) The blast attentuator device is secured correctly. He moves the mortar until the vertical line of the sight is aligned approximately on the aiming post. From introduction up to halfway World War 2 the ML 3-inch had a poor range of up to 1.45 km. They contain about 2.10 pounds of composition B explosive. (3) Markings on rounds. The fuze body is graduated from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals; 10-second intervals are indicated by bosses. The mortar is within two turns of center of traverse. He makes large deflection shifts by shifting the bipod assembly and keeps the bubbles level during firing. (1) The barrel is clean and free from grease and oil both inside and out. Section I. (1) The M935 fuze has two function settings: impact and delay. d. The gunner removes the sight from its case, mounts it on the mortar, and sets a deflection of 3200 mils and an elevation of 1100 mils. Those cartridges assembled with the M524 (A1, A2, A3, or A4) fuze are for use by the US Marine Corps and US Navy only. The 81mm mortar is a portable, mobile, medium mortar at the infantry's disposal. An M18 fuze wrench is used to change settings. The fuze is not intended to function at charge 0. It is set using the bladed end of the M18 fuze wrench. When set at SQ, the fuze functions on point impact or graze contact. 4-11. The contents of ammunition containers are shown by markings. If the barrel is hot, the gunner may then apply water to the outside of the barrel until it is cool. If the line of sight clears the mask, it is safe to fire. 1:4 For the 81MM Mortar System: X NSN (LIN): 1015-01-441-3113 : STAFF SECTION, CLEANING, ARTILLERY 1:4: The assistant gunner cleans the bore and swabs it dry. [1] [2] Many countries use or used an 81 mm mortar in their armed forces. The same procedure for aligning the far aiming post is used to align the near aiming post. Training practice is used only for training. c. The moisture-resistant seal of the container is broken when the ammunition is to be used. h. Where the ground is uneven and there is no level surface for the bipod, the gunner can adjust the plain leg. Figure 4-8. Notches in the setter engage ribs in the setting ring of the fuze. The components of the mortar consist of a cannon, mount, and baseplate. c. The assistant gunner moves into position to the front of the bipod on his right knee and grasps the bipod legs (palms up), lifting until they clear the ground enough to permit lateral movement. The M821/M889 are 81mm HE Mortar Cartridges. If you look at the table above, you'll see that at 1.5km range, 120mm mortars have nearly 33% more dispersion than 80mm mortars.Try testing 80mm mortars and 120mm mortars at 1.5km against . The M252 81mm Medium Extended Range Mortar is a crew-served, medium weight mortar which is highly accurate and provides for a greater range (4,500 meters to 5,650 meters) and lethality than the . The gunner is given a deflection change in a fire command between 20 and 60 mils inclusive. The first ammunition bearer holds the barrel until the assistant gunner has removed the mount. The fuze wrench, M18, assembles the fuze to the cartridge, and the bladed tip on the end sets PD-type fuzes. e. The squad leader picks up the aiming posts and sight. A spring-loaded locating catch is behind the elevating gear housing, which locates the plain leg in its supporting position for level ground. b. (The handle of the wrench is turned counterclockwise.) The baseplate (Figure 4-5) is of one-piece construction, and supports and aligns the mortar for firing. The terms cannon and barrel are used interchangeably in this chapter. e. The assistant gunner passes the round to the first ammunition bearer who inspects it for the cause of the misfire. The following are authorized (Standard B) cartridges for the 81-mm mortar, M252: Each cartridge has fins around the tail to stabilize it in flight and to cause it to strike fuze-end first. (See FM 7-90 for a discussion of the duties of the platoon headquarters.). The first ammunition bearer puts both hands on the cooling fins under the barrel and slowly lifts the barrel until it is horizontal. CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284A2 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777, M777A1 AND M777A2 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M795 PROJECTILE, HE, M795 IM PROJECTILE, HE, M1122 PROJECTILE, IR ILLUMINATING, M1123 PROJECTILE, ILLUMINATING, M1124 INCLUDES FIRING TABLES FOR PROPELLANTS: M119A2 (CHARGE 7R), M203A1 (CHARGE 8S), AND MODULAR ARTILLERY CHARGE SYSTEM (MACS) PROPELLANTS: M231 (CHARGES 1L AND 2L), M232 AND M232A1 (CHARGES 3H, 4H AND 5H) (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES) . The barrel clamp, which consists of an upper and lower clamp, is situated at the top. For those of you in the market for a Dummy/Display 81mm mortar, I hope this article can answer a few of your questions before you order. The M1 became the standard American . The assistant gunner places his right hand palm up (1 inch from the muzzle end) under the BAD and his left hand palm down (1 inch from the muzzle end) on top. Maximum Range (meters): 7,240 (with standard fuze) . The tabulated data of the 81-mm mortar, M252, are shown in Table 4-1. c. The assistant gunner lifts the bipod and stands it on its elevating leg so that the elevating handwheel is to the rear and the plain leg is to the front. It is assembled with the M772A1 MTSQ. Both the 60mm and 120mm mortar rounds use White Phosphorus. He is also the squad driver. He rotates the socket so that the open end is pointing in the direction of fire. a. a. The gunner moves the mortar as the assistant gunner steadies it. The increments are individually wrapped with waterproof bags that are not removed. He tightens the leg-locking handwheel (ensuring the teeth are correctly meshed) and fastens the securing strap over the arm and around the buffers. They should not be approached for 5 minutes or disturbed for at least 30 minutes after firing. The propellant train (except the training cartridge) consists of an ignition cartridge and propellant charges. The cartridge weighs about 9.12 pounds. The M375 cartridge uses the M90 propelling charge while the M375A2 and M375A1 cartridges use the M90A1 propelling charge. It is designed to be fired in the indirect fire mode, cannot be fired handheld, and normally utilizes a FDC. Figure 4-4. To convert the fuze from PROX to SQ/IMP, the top of the fuze must be rotated 120 degrees (one-third turn) in either direction. The bipod provides front support for the barrel and carries the gears necessary to lay the mortar. The entire squad stays with the mortar. LHMBC. The M252 system . The 0-second boss is wider and differs in shape from the other body bosses; the safe setting position is indicated by the letter "S" on the fuze body. The gunner should expose 6 inches (150 millimeters) of elevation shaft and center the buffer carrier. 81-mm MORTAR, M252 The 81-mm mortar, M252, delivers timely, accurate fires to meet the . b. Red phosphorus/white phosphorus--M819 and M375-series. The cartridge is dropped down the barrel, fin-end first. The standard infantry support weapon is the M-252 81mm mortar, which lobs a 10 lb. d. Climatic Effects. d. Multioption. e. Dummy. MFCS Dismounted. The lower clamp is shaped and bored on each side to house the buffer cylinders. There is a selector on the lower shaft for non-delay or delay impact action. The American M1 81mm Mortar, like the upcoming M2 60mm Mortar, was based on a French design by Edgar William Brandt (1880-1960). High explosive is used for both fragmentation and blast effect against personnel and light-skinned vehicles. Overhead interference can be branches of trees or roofs of buildings. They are assembled with either an M524-series, M526-series, or M567 fuze. c. Crest Clearance. DESCRIPTION. ), FIRING TABLES FOR, CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, XM776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, XM777 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M795 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284A2 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777, M777A1 AND M777A2 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, SMOKE, WP, M1121 INCLUDES FIRING TABLES FOR PROPELLANTS: M119A2 (CHARGE 7R), M203A1 (CHARGE 8S), AND MODULAR ARTILLERY CHARGE SYSTEM (MACS) PROPELLANTS: M231 (CHARGES 1L AND 2L), M232 AND M232A1 (CHARGES 3H, 4H AND 5H) (S&I BY PROP SEE FOOTNOTES). The propellant increments are ignited, which produce rapidly expanding gases that force the cartridge from the barrel. ), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M483A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR, CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 FIRING PROJECTILE, HERA, M549 PROJECTILE, HERA, M549A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284A2 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777, M777A1 AND M777A2 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HERA, M549 AND PROJECTILE, HERA, M549A1 (S&I BY PROPONENT, SEE DEAILS, FOOTNOTES. Fired . The M374A2 and M374A1 cartridges are fitted with the M90A1 propelling charge. After the barrel cools, the gunner removes the sight and firing pin. More uniform firing is obtained if ammunition is kept at the same temperature. b. Baseplate placed against baseplate stake. Training practice--M879, M880, M68, and sabot. The assistant gunner exposes 8 inches (200 millimeters) of elevation shaft, leaving the elevation handwheel unfolded. When firing under the control of an FDC, he reports to the FDC that mask clearance cannot be obtained at a certain elevation. The 60mm mortar section is located in the weapons platoon of the rifle company, is armed with three 60mm mortars, and is The ammunition that can be fired by the 81-mm mortar, M252, is identified and described herein. XM1210. If it gets wet or dirty, it must be wiped off at once. A securing strap is attached to the plain leg for securing the bipod in the folded position. The fuze setter, M25, sets M84-series time fuzes. A proximity fuze is an electronic device that detonates a projectile by means of radio waves sent out from a small radio set in the nose of the projectile. Placing the mortar in position at night does not relieve the gunner of the responsibility of checking for mask clearance and overhead interference. Bear in mind that these are my personal opinions, experiences, and . Firing tables are used to determine the correct charge for firing. All rounds are colored according to their type. In the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps, it is normally deployed in the mortar platoon of an infantry battalion. Dropping may cause the propellant charges to ignite, causing bodily injuries. The mortar is within two turns of center of traverse. He levels all bubbles. This section discusses the characteristics and nomenclature of each component (Figure 4-2). a. Joint Tables of Allowance; PB - Professional Bulletins; STP - Soldier Training Publications; TC - Training Circulars; . One-quarter turn on the adjusting nut equals one turn of the traversing handwheel. Its range and explosive power is greater than the M224, yet it is still light enough to be man . The pile is covered with a double thickness of tarpaulin. The traversing screw assembly is fitted to the clamp assembly, which is pivoted in the center on an arm attached to the elevating leg. (2) Color code. The cartridge is painted olive drab with yellow markings and weighs about 9.05 pounds. How the RCGM works: Target coordinates are programed into the RCGM using a portable GPS setter. b. 9301 Chapek Road., Bldg.1458 Following the arm-and-hand signals of the gunner (who is looking through the sight unit), he moves the far aiming post so that the gunner obtains an aligned sight picture. a. The M889 HE cartridge (M252 onlyXUS Marine Corps) is of the same construction as the M821 cartridge in every detail except the fuze, which is the M935. The mount consists of elevating and traversing mechanisms and a bipod (Figure 4-4). The first ammunition bearer shakes the barrel to dislodge any remnants from the last round fired, and he lowers the barrel into the rotating socket of the baseplate. The gunner can depress the barrel, if necessary, to provide easier access to the firing pin. The cartridges are returned to their original containers. on Amazon.com. The squad leader picks up the sight case and the two aiming posts, and moves to the exact position where the mortar is to be mounted. e. The pull wire and safety wire are removed from the fuze just before firing. Cartridges assembled with the M532 fuze must be fired above charge 0. Table 4-3. If the round fires, the mortar is re-laid on the aiming point and firing is continued. . The cartridges are painted olive drab with yellow markings. The leg-locking handwheel must then be tightened, ensuring the teeth are correctly meshed. I have included my order history, detailed photos, as well as my personal opinion on International Military Antiques, IMA -USA www.ima-usa.com 81mm Display Mortar that they have for sale. a. During training, the gunner may use the driving stake from the aiming post case. Disposal Precautions. The M1 was a derivative of the French mle 27/31 system (itself an improved form of the Stokes Trench Mortar of World War 1 fame) and slightly altered to suit American needs. The fuze threads and fuze well threads are inspected for damage. On its right side, the clamp is recessed to receive the ball end of the locking rod. The explosive elements in primers and fuzes are sensitive to shock and high temperature. The gunner is given an administrative command to lay the mortar on a deflection of 2860 or 2740 mils. a. Point-Detonating. Normally, it can be moved by hand, although this may be difficult to do if the mortar is moved through a large arc. 81mm smoothbore mortar Barrel length 1.28 m Muzzle velocity 225 m/s Elevation +45 to +85 Traverse 18 Fire control Sights C2 indirect fire sight with illumination Firepower Rate of fire 20 rpm maximum 15 rpm normal 1 to 12 rpm sustained Range 5.650 m maximum 100 m minimum Media 81mm L16A2 Close approach to crests, trees, towers, large buildings, parked aircraft, mechanized equipment, and similar irregularities causes functioning at heights greater than average level. REFER DEFLECTION TWO EIGHT SEVEN FIVE (2875), REALIGN AIMING POSTS. M252 81mm Mortars The M252 81mm medium extended range mortar (see diagram below) is a crew-served, smooth bore, muzzle loaded, high angle of fire weapon system. Table 4-1. Correct way to open an ammunition box. These propellants are flash-suppressed and clean burning resulting in minimum residue, flash and blast overpressure. MFCS Mounted. Weights (pounds) System (including basic issue items) Barrel (with blast attenuator device) Mount M3A1 Baseplate It is constructed from ductile cast iron and contains about 1.5 pounds of cyclonite (RDX)/trinitrotoluene (TNT) composition explosive. It uses the M205 propelling charge, consisting of four horseshoe-shaped increments fitted around the tail. Tabular Firing Tables TFT ORDER FORM 1.Select "Mortar" 2.Select which mortar caliber 3.Select mortar system nomenclature 4.Select which TFTs to order 5.Put in quantity and click "Add TFTs" 6.Click "Next" TFT JUSTIFICATION 1.Put in TFT Ordering Justification 2.Click "Next" SHIPPING INFORMATION 1.Fill out all required fields The M734 multioption fuze is the only one used with the 81-mm mortar. When targets are beyond such irregularities, a clearance of at least 30 meters should be allowed to ensure maximum effect over the target area. He indicates the initial direction of fire by pointing in that direction and commands ACTION. g. The barrel clamps can be moved along the barrel to counter large changes in elevation. d. The gunner rough levels the cross-level bubble by making the bubble bounce from one side to the other. b. The squad leader notifies the FDC of the minimum mask clearance elevation. 4-4. It has no safety pins or wires to reduce preparation time. If he is not within 20 mils, the gunner and assistant gunner must make another large shift before moving on. The fuze consists of a brass head, body assembly, and expelling charge. The M301A3 cartridge has a cylindrical body that contains an illuminating candle and parachute assembly. Despite its weight though, the 81mm mortar was an important part of the Table of Organization and Equipment of U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps maneuver battalions throughout World War II. LARGE DEFLECTION AND ELEVATION CHANGES. Increments removed from cartridges before firing should be placed in a metal or wooden container located outside the firing vehicle/position at least 25 meters away. VERY NICE condition! While the assistant gunner supports the barrel, the gunner slackens the leg-locking handwheel, releases the locating catch, and positions the plain leg. The mortar also offered the promised increase in range as well, allowing fire teams to engage the enemy at distance. If it is necessary to leave the ammunition uncovered, it should be raised on dunnage at least 6 inches above the ground. To set for delay, the selector slot should be rotated clockwise until it is aligned with the "D" mark on the ogive. .30, BROWNING, M1919A4 AND M2 (HEAVY BARREL), .30, M2 (REPRINTED W/BASIC INCL C1) (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), GUN, MACHINE: CAL.
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