Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. The first zone is called the core. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). What solutions are being offered? This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? 2. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. Want to create or adapt books like this? All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). As noted by Sweet et al. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Alberta Education. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). Tom Lee. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work.
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